Week 10 Assignment — Capital Budgeting
There are many options to buy capital, including cash purchases, loans, leasing, and other forms of payment. Your goal as a healthcare manager is to determine which method is best for your organization, given its financial and organizational structure (i.e., for-profit or not-for-profit). Time value of money and net present value are two techniques that may help you determine how and when to invest in new capital. For this Assignment, you examine these concepts as they pertain to the healthcare industry.
To prepare for this Assignment:
Review this week’s Learning Resources. Reflect on concepts of time value of money, net present value, internal rate of return, and purchasing options.
The Assignment:
Use the “Week 10 Assignment Capital Budget Excel Template” to show your work, answer the following questions:
1. If a physician deposits $24,000 today into a mutual fund that is expected to grow at an annual rate of 8%, what will be the value of this investment:
a. 2 years from now
b. 4 years from now
c. 6 years from now
d. 8 years from now
2. The Chief Financial Officer of a hospital needs to determine the present value of $120,000 investment received at the end of year 5. What is the present value if the discount rate is:
a. 2%
b. 4%
c. 6%
d. 8%
3. Calexico Hospital plans to invest $1.6 million in a new MRI machine. The MRI will be depreciated its 5-year economic life to a $200,000 salvage value. Additional revenues attributed to the new MRI will be in the amount of $1.5 million per year for 5 years. Additional operating expenses, excluding depreciation expense, will amount to $1 million per year for 5 years. Over the life of the machine, net working capital will increase by $30,000 over the life of the project.
a. Assuming that the hospital is a non-profit entity, what is the project’s net present value (NPV) at a discount rate of 8%, and what is the project’s IRR?
b. Assuming that the hospital is a for-profit entity and the tax rate is 30%, what is the project’s NPV at a cost of capital of 8%, and what is the project’s IRR?
4. Marshall Healthcare System, a not-for-profit hospital, is planning on opening an imaging center including MRI, x-ray, ultrasound, and CT. The new center will generate $3 million per year in revenues for 5 years. Expected operating expenses, excluding depreciation, would increase expenses by $1.2 million per year over the life of the project. The initial capital investment outlay for the project is $5 million, which will be depreciated on a straight line basis to a savage value. The salvage value in year 5 is $800,000. The cost of capital for this project is 12%.
a. Compute the NPV in the IRR to determine the financial feasibility of the project.
5. Penn Medical Center, a for-profit hospital, is considering the purchase of a new 64-slice CT scanner. The cost of the new scanner is $5 million and will be depreciated over 10 years on a straight line basis to $0 savage value. The tax rate is 40%. The financing options include either borrowing the full cost of the scanner or leasing a scanner. The lease option is a 5-year lease with equal before-tax lease payments of $950,000 per year. The borrowing alternative is a 5-year loan covering the entire cost of the scanner at an interest rate of 5%. The after-tax cost of debt is 3%. Should Penn Medical lease the equipment or borrow the money?
1
A B C D
Future Future Future
Present Value Value Value
Value Factor Factor [AxC]
a) FVF8,3 $0
b) FVF8,6 $0
c) FVF8,9 $0
d) FVF8,12 $0
2 A B C D
Present Present Present
Future Value Value Value
Value Factor Factor [AxC]
a) PVF3,5
b) PVF6,5
c) PVF9,5
d) PVF12,5
3
Givens (in thousands)
Initial investment
Annual revenues
Annual operating expenses before depreciation
Annual depreciation expense [a]
Annual change in net working capital
Salvage value
Cost of capital
Tax rate
[a] ($1,800,000 Purchase price – $200,000 Salvage value) / 5 years =
Non-profit analysis (in thousands) Years 0 1 2 3 4 5
Initial investment [Given 1]
Revenues [Given 2]
Operating expenses before depreciation [Given 3]
Depreciation expense [Given 4]
Operating income [B-C-D]
Add: depreciation expense [Given 4]
Net operating cash flow [E+F]
Change in net working capital [Given 5]
Terminal values
Salvage value [Given 6]
Recovery of net working capital -[Sum H]
Net cash flows for project [G+H+I+J]
Cost of capital [Given 7]
Present value interest factors 1/(1+i)n
Present value (PV) cash flows [b] [KxM]
Sum of PVs of cash flows [Sum N]
Net present value [A+O]
Net present value function check
IRR
Accept project because NPV is positive and/or IRR > 8%.
[b] Present value interest factors in the exhibit have been calculated by formula, but are necessarily rounded for presentation. Therefore, there may be a difference between the number displayed and that calculated manually.
4
Givens (in thousands) Years 0 1 2 3 4 5
Initial investment
Net revenues
Cash operating expenses
Depreciation expense [a]
Sale of asset at salvage value
Cost of capital 12%
Current Assets
Current Liabilities
Net Working Capital [Given 7 – Given 8]]
Change in net working capital
[a] ($5,500,000 Purchase price – $800,000 Salvage value) / 5 years =
Non-profit analysis (in thousands) Years
Initial investment [Given 1]
Net revenues [Given 2]
Less: cash operating expenses before depreciation [Given 3]
Less: depreciation expense [Given 4]
Operating income [B-C-D]
Add: depreciation expense [Given 4]
Net operating cash flows [E+F]
Add: sale of assets at salvage value [Given 5]
Adjustments for changes in working capital -[Given 7]
Recapture of net working capital -[Sum I]
Project cash flows [G+H+I+J]
Cost of capital [Given 6]
Present value interest factors 1/(1+i)n
Annual PV of cash flowsb [KxM]
PV of cash flows [Sum N]
Net present value [A+O]
Net present value function check
Internal rate of return
Accept project because NPV is positive and/or IRR>12%.
[b] Present value interest factors in the exhibit have been calculated by formula, but are necessarily rounded for presentation. Therefore, there may be a difference between the number displayed and that calculated manually.
5
Givens:
1 Before Tax Lease Payments
2 Loan Amount (PV)
3 Length of Loan / Lease (nper)
4 Interest Rate (rate)
5 After Tax Cost of Debt
6 Tax Rate
7 Annual Depreciation Expense [a]
8 Annual Depreciation Tax Shield [b]
9 Annual Loan Payment [c]
10 Present Value of Lease @ Interest Rate [d]
[a] $4,000,000 Purchase Price / 10 Years life of asset = Annual Depreciation Expense =
[b] $400,000 Annual Depreciation Expense x 40% Tax Rate = Annual Depreciation Tax Shield =
[c] PV = Annuity Payment X PVFA(r,n)
= (Annuity Payment) x PVFA (5%,5)
= (Annuity Payment) x
Annuity Payment = /
Annuity Payment =
Note: The Excel PMT function could be used here: PMT(rate, nper, -1 x PV) =
[d] Present Value of Lease @ Interest Rate = Before Tax Lease Payments x PVFA (r,n)
Present Value of Lease @ Interest Rate = x PVIFA (5%,5)
= x
Purchasing Arrangement
[A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I]
Depreciation Interest Net Cash PVF PV of Net
Loan Interest Prinicpal Remaining Expense Expense Outflow After Tax Cash Outflows
Payment Expense Payment Balance Shield Tax Shield (if owned) Cost of Debt (if owned)
Year [Given 9] [D*] x [Given 4] [A] – [B] [D*] – [C] [Given 7] x [Given 6] [B] x [Given 6] [A] – [E] – [F] [Given 5] [G] x [H]
0
1
2
3
4
5
Total
The value of [D*] is the value in the [D] column for the previous year.
Leasing Arrangement
[A] [B] [C] [D] [E]
Before Lease After Tax PVF PV of Net
Tax Lease Tax Net Lease After Tax Cash Outflows
Payments Shield Payments Cost of Debt (if leased)
Year [Given 1] [A] x [Given 6] [A] – [B] [Given 5] [C] x [D]
0 It is LESS expensive to lease the asset,
1 since the present value of the lease payments:
2 is LESS than that for borrowing:
3
4
5
Total
Note: Any differences due to rounding.
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